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Biorefinery of chemicals from straw is an effective approach to alleviate the environmental pollution caused by straw burning. In this paper, we prepared gellan gum immobilized Lactobacillus bulgaricus T15 gel beads (LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads), characterized their properties, and established a continuous cell recycle fermentation process for D-lactate (D-LA) production using the LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads. The fracture stress of LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads was (91.68±0.11) kPa, which was 125.12% higher than that of the calcium alginate immobilized T15 gel beads (calcium alginate-T15 gel beads). This indicated that the strength of LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads was stronger, and the strain was less likely to leak out. The average D-LA production was (72.90±2.79) g/L after fermentation for ten recycles (720 h) using LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads as the starting strain and glucose as the substrate, which was 33.85% higher than that of calcium alginate-T15 gel beads and 37.70% higher than that of free T15. Subsequently, glucose was replaced by enzymatically hydrolyzed corn straw and fermented for ten recycles (240 h) using LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads. The yield of D-LA reached (1.74±0.79) g/(L·h), which was much higher than that of using free bacteria. The wear rate of gel beads was less than 5% after ten recycles, which indicated that LA-GAGR is a good carrier for cell immobilization and can be widely used in industrial fermentation. This study provides basic data for the industrial production of D-LA using cell-recycled fermentation, and provides a new way for the biorefinery of D-LA from corn straw.
Subject(s)
Fermentation , Lactobacillus delbrueckii , Zea mays , Lactic Acid , Alginates/chemistry , GlucoseABSTRACT
@#To investigate the therapeutic effect of oral vaccine based on glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) on streptozotocin (STZ) -induced type 1 diabetic (T1D) mice, the mice model of T1D was established by intraperitoneal injection of low dose multiple STZ. CTB-GADIII encapsulated with calcium alginate (Ca-Alg-GADIII) was formulated using crosslinking technology with sodium alginate and calcium chloride, and was administered intragastric to T1D mice once a week for 5 consecutive weeks.Blood glucose and body weight of the mice were recorded weekly, and pharmacodynamics against T1D of Ca-Alg-GADIII were investigated by glucose tolerance assay (OGTT) and pancreatic histopathological analysis. The levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA), and insulin autoantibody (IAA) and related cytokines (IL-4, IFN-γ, TGF-β1) in serum were detected by ELISA, and the CD4 + T cell subsets were detected by flow cytometry. The immunological mechanism of oral vaccine against T1D was preliminarily discussed. The results showed that the disease-related indicators improved in immunized mice: fasting blood glucose improved, glucose tolerance and insulin secretion increased, pancreatic injury decreased, autoantibodies like GADA and IAA titers significantly decreased, and CD4 + T cell immune balance in mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and pancreatic lymph node (PLN) improved to some extent. The results suggest that oral vaccine Ca-Alg-GADIII has some therapeutic effect on STZ-induced T1D mice.
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Sodium dodecyl sulfate, (SDS) is an anionic surfactant that widely utilized in industry and households. Which represent toxic effects to the health and aquatic organisms. The bacterial strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas otitidis were isolated from the water samples from waste disposal sites (Taif Governate, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). So, in the present study, we have made an attempt to improve the biodegradation of SDS by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas otitidis by different methods such as mutation (Physically and chemically), physically by exposure of bacterial strains to ultraviolet radiation (UV) and chemically by using chemicals such as ethidium bromide (EtBr), also biodegradation rate of SDS can be increased by immobilization technique. The bacterial strains were immobilized in alginate beads, and its SDS degradation efficiency was observed to increase many fold than free strains.
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Background: Invert sugar is used greatly in food and pharmaceutical industries. This paper describes scaling-up batch conditions for sucrose inversion catalyzed by the recombinant Pichia pastoris BfrA4X whole cells expressing Thermotoga maritima invertase entrapped in calcium alginate beads. For the first time, we describe the application of a kinetic model to predict the fractional conversion expected during sucrose hydrolysis reaction in both, a model and a prototype bioreactor with 0.5- and 5-L working volume, respectively. Results: Different scaled-up criteria used to operate the 0.5-L bioreactor were analyzed to explore the invert sugar large scale production. After model inversion studies, a 5-L scaled-up reaction system was performed in a 7-L stirred reactor. Both scaled-up criteria, immobilized biocatalyst dosage and stirring speed, were analyzed in each type of bioreactors and the collected data were used to ensure an efficient scale-up of this biocatalyst. Conclusions: To date, there is not enough information to describe the large-scale production of invert sugar using different scaled-up criteria such as dose of immobilized biocatalyst and stirring speed effect on mass transfer. The present study results constitute a valuable tool to successfully carry out this type of high-scale operation for industrial purposes.
Subject(s)
Pichia/metabolism , Sucrose/metabolism , Biotechnology/methods , Pichia/cytology , Sucrose/chemistry , Kinetics , Bioreactors , Thermotoga maritima/enzymology , Alginates , Enzymes, Immobilized , Biocatalysis , HydrolysisABSTRACT
En este trabajo se describe la técnica de inmovilización de microalgas en esferas de alginato de calcio. Se emplearon las especies Scenedesmus ovalternus y Chlorella vulgaris, se determinó la estabilidad de las esferas, la cinética de crecimiento y la concentración de las microalgas en el interior de las esferas. Chlorella vulgaris alcanzó mayores densidades poblacionales y tasas de crecimiento más altas cuando se inmovilizó en concentraciones del 10 % v/v con el alginato (1,31*10(6) cél/ml). Para Scenedesmus ovalternus se observó una mayor densidad poblacional y una mayor tasa de crecimiento cuando se inmovilizó en concentraciones del 20 % v/v (7,06*10(5) cél/ml). Estos resultados son útiles para aplicaciones prácticas de las algas encapsuladas, tales como el biomonitoreo o la biorremediación.
This paper describes the immobilization technique of microalgae in calcium alginate beads. Scenedesmus ovalternus and Chlorella vulgaris species were used. The stability of beads, the kinetics of growth and the concentrations of microalgae inside the beads were determined. The higher density and the upper growth rate of Chlorella vulgaris occurred when it was immobilized in alginate at a concentration of 10 %v/v (1,31*10(6) cél/ml). Scenedesmus ovalternus achieved a higher population density and an elevated growth rate when it was immobilized at a concentration of 20 % v/v (7,06*10(5) cél/ml). These results are useful for subsequent applications of the encapsulated algae, such as biomonitoring and bioremediation.
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Background: D-Hydroxyphenylglycine is considered to be an important chiral molecular building-block of antibiotic reagents such as pesticides, and β-lactam antibiotics. The process of its production is catalyzed by D-hydantoinase and D-carbamoylase in a two-step enzyme reaction. How to enhance the catalytic potential of the two enzymes is valuable for industrial application. In this investigation, an Escherichia coli strain genetically engineered with D-hydantoinase was immobilized by calcium alginate with certain adjuncts to evaluate the optimal condition for the biosynthesis of D-carbamoyl-p-hydroxyphenylglycine (D-CpHPG), the compound further be converted to D-hydroxyphenylglycine (D-HPG) by carbamoylase. Results: The optimal medium to produce D-CpHPG by whole-cell immobilization was a modified Luria-Bertani (LB) added with 3.0% (W/V) alginate, 1.5% (W/V) diatomite, 0.05% (W/V) CaCl2 and 1.00 mM MnCl2.The optimized diameter of immobilized beads for the whole-cell biosynthesis here was 2.60 mm. The maximized production rates of D-CpHPG were up to 76%, and the immobilized beads could be reused for 12 batches. Conclusions: This investigation not only provides an effective procedure for biological production of D-CpHPG, but gives an insight into the whole-cell immobilization technology.
Subject(s)
Escherichia coli , Amidohydrolases , Glycine/analogs & derivatives , Cells, Immobilized , Glycine/biosynthesisABSTRACT
Objective To observe the curative effect of soft silicone dressing combined with calcium alginate dressing for treatment of skin graft donor sites of burned patients. Methods A total of 80 burned patients were randomly divided into treatment group (n=39) and control group (n=41). In the treatment group the donor sites were covered with calcium alginate dressing (Sorbalgon) inside and soft silicone dressing (Mepilex) outside, and the donor sites in the control group were covered with chlorhexidine gauze inside and multilayer sterile gauze outside. The wound healing, pain improvement and scar formation were evaluated in the two groups. Results The wound healing rates at post-operative 7, 10 and 12 d in the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group (treatment group:[51. 31±7. 09]%, [78. 77±8. 80]% and[96. 44±3. 24]%; control group:[45. 85±5. 54]%, [73. 63±7. 73]% and[93. 12±4. 08]%; P<0. 01). The wound healing time of the treatment group was significantly shorter than that of the control group ([10. 95±1. 41] d vs[11. 93±1. 44] d, P<0. 01). Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at post-operative 1, 3, 7 and 10 d in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group (treatment group:5. 36±1. 21, 4. 29±1. 25, 4. 00±0. 46 and 1. 00±0. 45; control group:7. 34±1. 34, 5. 89±1. 39, 4. 50±0. 74 and 1. 35±0. 52; P<0. 01). The Vancouver scar scale (VSS) scores at post-operative 1, 3, 6 and 12 month in the treatment group were also significantly lower than those in the control group (treatment group:3. 82±1. 47, 6. 00±1. 61, 3. 77±2. 28 and 2. 59±1. 39; control group:5. 80±1. 68, 7. 80±1. 65, 5. 24±1. 67 and 4. 05±1. 41; P<0. 01). Conclusion Soft silicone dressing combined with calcium alginate dressing in treatment of the skin graft donor sites can greatly improve the wound healing rate, shorten the wound healing time, relieve pain in dressing change and improve the wound healing quality, and it may serve as an effective method for protecting the donor sites.
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Objective To investigate the hemostatic property of calcium alginate (CA) sponge and its degree of safety on exterior use. Methods The optimal coagulation concentration of CA was determined by Lee-White clotting test, and then the CA was freeze-dried to form a sponge. The coagulation effect in vitro of the CA sponge was determined by Blood Clotting Index (BCI) test. The ear artery bleeding model and full-thickness skin wound model of rabbit were employed to determine the hemostatic property of CA sponge. The degree of safety of CA sponge was evaluated by cell toxicity test. Results The BCI was significantly decreased in CA sponge group (33.08±4.02) than that in gelatin sponge (72.05±10.48, P0.05), though they were all shorter significantly than that in hospital gauze group (101.00±14.71s, P<0.05). The cell toxicity of 100% CA sponge was level 1, and it complied with the safety requirements for biomaterials. Conclusion The CA sponge has a good hemostatic property without obvious cytotoxicity.
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Objective To investigate small intestinal absorption behavior of oral collagen peptides microspheres in rats. Methods The everted gut sac (EGS) and Single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) model were established in Wistar rats (250-350 g, 5 months).The absorption of collagen peptide in different segments of rat small intestines was detected by BCAmethod. Results The cumulative transmittance of different particle size of calcium alginate/ Chitosan (SA/ CTS) microspheresin EGS experiments was that 500 μm microspheres SA microspheres(duodenum segment, jejunum segment P<0.05;ileum segment, P<0.01).The absorption rate ofSA/ CTS microspheres was evidently higher than that of SA microspheres in SPIP experiments. Conclusion Small intestineabsorption of collagen peptides microspheres is correlated with particle size, and the chitosan in SA/ CTS microspheres isbeneficial to the absorption of collagen peptide in small intestine segments.
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Objective To observe the effects of transplantation of autologous adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) on osteoporosis (OP) in a rabbit ovariectomy (OVX) model.Methods A total of fifteen 6-month-old female New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups:ovariectomy group (group A,n =12) and sham operation group (group B,n =3).All rabbits were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy in the group A.Six months later,bone mineral density (BMD) of group A and group B were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to check the result of OVX-OP.ASCs harvested from adipose of OP rabbits were cultured to be expanded and differentiated in osteogenic medium in vitro.Osteogenesis was evaluated by alizarin red staining,alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and quantitative assays of osteocalcin (OCN).Autologous osteo-induced ASCs were mixed in calcium alginate hydrogel (CAH) and then transplanted in the left distal femurs,while CAH was transplanted in the right distal femurs of OP rabbits.At 12 weeks after implantation,BMD,micro-CT and histomorphological analyses were performed on these rabbits.Results The BMD of femurs in group A rabbits were obviously lower than that of group B rabbits (P ＜ 0.05) at 6 months after OVX.Compared with control group,ASCs cultured in osteo-induction medium had similar proliferation rate as the non-induced cells,but displayed positive ALP and alizarin red staining and OCN contents.At 12 weeks after implantation,the cell-treated femurs displayed higher BMD,bone trabecula number,trabecula thickness and separation than those of control group,while the structure model index and porosity were lower (P ＜ 0.05).Histological examination indicated that the trabecular thickness increased with complete CAH resorption in cell-treated group,while CAH remained in control group.Conclusions Transplantation of autologous ASCs can help strengthen osteoporotic bone in OVX-OP rabbits,providing a novel approach to OP treatment.
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Calcium alginate beads containing pomegranate peels' polyphenol extract were encapsulated by ionic gelation method. The effects of various formulation factors (sodium alginate concentration, calcium chloride concentration, calcium chloride exposure time, gelling bath time maintaining, and extract concentration) on the efficiency of extract loading were investigated. The formulation containing an extract of 1 g pomegranate peels in 100 mL distilled water encapsulated with 3 % of sodium alginate cured in 0.05 M calcium chloride for 20 minutes and kept in a gelling bath for 15 minutes was chosen as the best formula regarding the loading efficiency. These optimized conditions allowed the encapsulation of 43.90% of total extracted polyphenols and 46.34 % of total extracted proanthocyanidins. Microencapsulation of pomegranate peels' extract in calcium alginate beads is a promising technique for pharmaceutical and food supplementation with natural antioxidants.
Pérolas de alginato de cálcio, contendo polifenóis de extrato de casca de romã, foram encapsuladas pelo método de gelificação iônica. Os efeitos de vários fatores de formulação (concentração de alginato de sódio, concentração de cloreto de cálcio, cloreto de cálcio, o tempo de exposição, o tempo de manutenção do banho de gelificação e a concentração do extrato) sobre a eficiência de carga do extrato foram investigados. A formulação que contém 1 g extrato de casca de romã em 100 mL de água destilada, encapsulado com 3% de alginato de sódio curada em 0,05 M de cloreto de cálcio durante 20 minutos e mantido em banho de gelificação por 15 min foi escolhida como a melhor em relação à eficiência de carga. Estas condições otimizadas permitem o encapsulamento de 43,90% do total de polifenóis extraídos e de 46,34% do total de proantocianidinas extraídas. A microencapsulação de extrato de cascas de romã em esferas de alginato de cálcio é uma técnica promissora para a suplementação farmacêutica e de alimentos com antioxidantes naturais.
Subject(s)
/analysis , Polyphenols , Drug Compounding/methods , Antioxidants/analysisABSTRACT
Aims: To prepare and evaluate herbal wound dressing comprising of Annona glabra L. leaf extract and calcium alginate on experimental animal models. Study design: Qualitative analysis for phytochemicals was carried out. Wound dressing material was formulated and characterized before the efficacy of formula was evaluated. Place and Duration of Study: School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, between August, 2012 and May, 2013. Methodology: Phytochemicals from ethanol leaf extract were screened by standard methods. Extract-loaded calcium alginate films were first dried cast from the gel formulations of 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, and 0% (w/v) extract. The dried film morphologies and in vivo wound healing profiles were then investigated. Third-degree burn wounds were induced in Swiss albino mice divided into seven groups of 5 mice each. Groups I-V were given formula containing 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, and 0% (w/v) extract, respectively. Group VI (negative control) received no treatment at all while group VII (positive control) was applied the standard dressing, Urgo Algoplaque (Laboratories Urgo). Results: Phytoconstituents that were detected including flavonoids, glycosides, saponins tannins, steroids, acidic compounds, and anthraquinones. There was a negligible difference in the physicochemical appearance of the prepared dressings. The topical application of these extract-loaded films with a dose of up to 4% extract accelerated significantly (P<0.001) wound healing process compared to the standard dressing Urgo Algoplaque. Groups I-IV were healed in a mean time of 16.8, 14.6, 11.6, and 11 days respectively, which were even faster than that of the standard dressing (18.4 days). The most prominent formula facilitated wound contraction without dermal irritation was the film impregnated 3.0% extract. Conclusion: Administration of the A. glara contained dressing promotes burn healing as evidenced by decreased healing time and faster wound contraction. It could be stated that A. glabra leaves possess wound healing property.
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Objective To establish a New Zealand rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-gentamicin- calcium alginate 3D sustained-release culture system and to study the growth and differentiation of BMSCs. Methods BMSCs- calcium alginate 3D culture system (W group) and BMSCs-gentamicin-calcium alginate 3D sustained-release culture system (U group) were constructed and were cultured with HG-DMEM (15% FBS, 10 ng/mL TGF-fh) under saturated humidity, 37°C and at 5% CO2, with the culture medium changed on a daily basis, and the cell morphology and microsphere morphology changes were observed. H-E staining, toluidine blue staining and type H collagen staining were performed for the microspheres on week 2,4, and 6. Results Cell clusterswere formed locally in the two groups after the 3D microspheres were cultured for 10 days. A large number of cell clusters were formed after 21 days, and BMSCs maintained a spherical or approximate spherical shape. There was no significant difference in cell proliferation or growth between the two groups (P>0. 05). After a 2-week culture, toluidine blue staining of microspheres showed positive staining in both groups, but with no obvious extracellular matrix formation, and staining for collagen type H antibody was weakly positive. After a 4-week culture, toluidine blue staining was obvious in the periphery of the cell microspheres in both groups, but the staining was unapparent in the center; extracellular matrix around the cell clusters had less blue colored substance, and the central cell clusters had more mauve substance; collagen type E staining was strongly positive in both groups. Conclusion Local sustained-release of appropriate amount of gentamicin has no noticeable effect on the growth and transformation of BMSCs while reaching the minimum inhibitory concentration. The influence of Gentamicin on ultrastructure of BMSCs and chondrocytes remains to be further investigated.
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BACKGROUND: The treatment of pressure ulcers is complicated, given the various wound dressing products available. The cost of different treatments varies and the cost-effectiveness of each product has not been thoroughly evaluated. We compare two wound dressing protocols-alginate silver dressing (AlSD) and silver zinc sulfadiazine cream (AgZnSD) with regard to wound healing and cost-effectiveness. METHODS: Patients with grade III or IV sacral or trochanteric pressure ulcers were eligible for this prospective, randomized controlled trial. The patients were randomized to receive one of the two dressings for an eight-week period. The criteria of efficacy were based on the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH) scoring tool. The cost of treatment was also assessed. RESULTS: Twenty patients (12 women and 8 men) were randomly assigned to receive either AlSD (n=10) or AgZnSD cream (n=10). The demographic data and wound characteristics were comparable in the two groups. The two groups showed no significant difference in the reduction of PUSH score, wound size, or volume of exudate. The tissue type score was significantly lower in the AlSD group (3.15+/-0.68-1.85+/-0.68 vs. 2.73+/-0.79-2.2+/-0.41; P=0.015). The cost of treatment was significantly lower in the AlSD group (377.17 vs. 467.74 USD, respectively; P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Alginate silver dressing could be effectively used in the treatment of grade III and IV pressure ulcers. It can improve wound tissue characteristics and is cost-effective.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Alginates , Bandages , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Exudates and Transudates , Femur , Glucuronic Acid , Hexuronic Acids , Pressure Ulcer , Prospective Studies , Silver , Sulfadiazine , Wound Healing , ZincABSTRACT
Extracellular a-amylase mass produced by Fusarium solani using mango kernel as substrate was immobilized in calcium alginate beads through entrapment technique. Maximum enzyme immobilization efficiency was achieved in 2 mm size beads formed by 6.5 % (w/v) of sodium alginate in 2% (w/v) calcium chloride. The catalytic properties of the immobilized a-amylase were compared with that of free enzyme (soluble). The activity yield of the immobilized enzyme was 81% of the free enzyme. The immobilized enzyme showed optimum activity at pH 4.5-6.0 and temperature 40 ºC, in contrast to the free enzyme at 5.5 and 30ºC, respectively. Thermal stability of the immobilized enzyme was found to be more than the free enzyme over a longer time interval. The immobilized enzyme retained activity upto 20% of optimum even after 180 min. While the free enzyme lost its 80% activity after 60 min and lost total activity down to zero by 120 min. The kinetic constants, viz., KM (Michaelis constant), Vmax and activation energy were affected by immobilization. However, the immobilized a-amylase in calcium alginate beads supports its long term storage which has immense industrial applications.
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The cells of isolated mixed culture of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus sydowii were immobilized in calcium alginate beads. Studies were carried out on different parameters like alginate concentration, incubation time and bead inoculum which affects the productivity and stability of the immobilized system. The best enzymatic activities were obtained with 3% alginate concentration, 48h of incubation time and 200 beads/flask of inoculum. Optimization of these factors causes an increase in enzymatic activities and the possibility of semicontinuous cultivation. Immobilized cells could be reused in five successive reaction cycles with a slight decrease in activities.
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficiency of the encapsulation-dehydration technique for cryopreservation of Cyrtopodium hastchbachii Pabst seeds. Immature seeds of this species were cryopreserved by an encapsulation-dehydration technique. Seeds of five immature pods, 120 days after pollination, were encapsulated in 3% calcium alginate matrix and pretreated in liquid medium supplemented with 0.08 M sucrose (24 h), 0.15 M sucrose (24 h), 0.25 M sucrose (48 h), 0.5 M sucrose (24 h) and 0.75 M sucrose (24 h) in shaker at 60 rpm. Alginate beads were dehydrated 5 h in silicagel and immersed in liquid nitrogen for 12 h. Cryopreserved beads were thawed at 30°C for 1 min, rehydrated using the same liquid mediums (0.75 M sucrose (24 h), 0.5 M sucrose (24 h), 0.25 M sucrose (48 h) and 0.15 M sucrose (24 h)) and cultivated in half strength Murashige & Skoog medium (1962) with the addition of 2 g/L activated charcoal. Sixty four percent of seeds survived and developed into acclimatized plants after being cryopreserved. In this work, the encapsulation-dehydration technique was employed for first time in Cyrtopodium hatschbachii.
Subject(s)
Cryopreservation/methods , Dehydration , Orchidaceae/growth & development , Seeds/growth & development , Cryoprotective Agents/pharmacology , Orchidaceae/drug effects , Regeneration , Seeds/drug effectsABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo explore the effects of myoblast formation around the urethra of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) rats after treated with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) or musclelike cells/calcium alginate composite gel injection therapy.MethodsIsolation,cultivation and identification of Sprague-Dawley rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell were performed.5-azacytidine was introduced to induce muscle-like cells.Calcium alginate gel was initially prepared by 2％ sodium alginate and 1％ calcium chloride solution at a volume ratio of 5∶1.Compounds of stem cells or muscle-like cells were mixed with gel,respectively,and were prepared for microinjection.SUI was produced in 72 6-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats.The rats were then divided into 4 groups:Gel group,stem cell-gel group,muscle-like cell-gel group and mock control group.Each group was further divided into 3 groups.Submucosal injection of gel was performed at urethra and bladder neck.After preparation of cross sections of rat urinary tract at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after injection,HE staining,fluorescent tracing,staining of Desmin and α-skeletal muscle actin (α-SMA) were performed.OD values of positive rates were compared.ResultsAt 4 weeks and 8 weeks after injection in stem cell-gel group and muscle-like cell-gel group,growth of blood vessels gradually increased at gel edge,BMSCs and muscle-like cells gathered around the new blood vessels observed by fl(u)orescence tracer,muscle-like cells grew into elongated spindle-like cells.Desmin and α-SMA staining were positive in these groups,and the OD values in the stem cell-gel group and muscle-like cell-gel group was significantly higher than that from the gel only group and control group,but no difference was found between stem cell-gel group and muscle-like cell-gel group.ConclusionsCompound of BMSCs,muscle-like cells and calcium alginate composite gel has the potential to differentiate into muscle cells in the microenvironment of SUI rat model.In short term,the myoblast formation potential is the same whether the BMSCs was introduced into the micro-environment in vivo directly,or the BMSCs was implanted into microenvironment after the formation of the muscles cells induced by 5-azacytidine in vitro.
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Acute liver failure is a rapidly progressive disease of the liver associated with high morbidity and mortality without liver transplantation. Although good survival after transplantation can be achieved, due to the disparity between patients awaiting transplantation and available organs, many patients die due to progression of the disease while waiting for a liver graft. To reduce the high morbidity and mortality associated with acute liver failure, attempts have been made during the last several decades to develop a temporary liver support system, such as artificial and bioartificial livers. The artificial liver is a non-biological device mainly aimed at the removal of accumulated toxins during liver failure, and the bioartificial liver is a biological device that has bioreactors containing living hepatocytes which provide both biotransformation and synthetic liver functions. There are currently 3 artificial livers available in the market that have been actively used in the clinical field, and 11 bioartificial livers that have been developed and have undergone clinical trials. In this article, we will discuss about the 3 artificial liver devices and 5 bioartificial liver systems that are the most advanced and have been widely evaluated clinically. Also, the characteristics and the preclinical data of the first bioartificial liver system developed in Korea that is currently under clinical investigation, will be discussed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Alginates , Bioreactors , Biotransformation , Glucuronic Acid , Hepatocytes , Hexuronic Acids , Korea , Liver , Liver Failure , Liver Failure, Acute , Liver Transplantation , Liver, Artificial , TransplantsABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to develop a sustained release dosage form of Trimetazidine dihydrochloride (TMZ) using a natural polymeric carrier prepared in a completely aqueous environment. TMZ was entrapped in calcium alginate beads prepared with sodium alginate by the ionotropic gelation method using calcium chloride as a crosslinking agent. The drug was incorporated either into preformed calcium alginate gel beads (sequential method) or incorporated simultaneously during the gelation stage (simultaneous method). The beads were evaluated for particle size and surface morphology using optical microscopy and SEM, respectively. Beads produced by the sequential method had higher drug entrapment. Drug entrapment in the sequential method was higher with increased CaCl2 and polymer concentration but lower with increased drug concentration. In the simultaneous method, drug entrapment was higher when polymer and drug concentration were increased and also rose to a certain extent with increase in CaCl2 concentration, where further increase resulted in lower drug loading. FTIR studies revealed that there is no interaction between drug and CaCl2. XRD studies showed that the crystalline drug changed to an amorphous state after formulation. Release characteristics of the TMZ loaded calcium alginate beads were studied in enzyme-free simulated gastric and intestinal fluid.
O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver forma de liberação controlada de dicloridrato de trimetazidina (TMZ) utilizando transportador plomérico natural em ambiente completamente aquoso. A TMZ foi presa em pérolas de alginato de cálcio preparadas com alginato de sódio pelo método de gelatinização ionotrópica, usando cloreto de cálcio como agente de formação de ligações cruzadas. O fármaco foi incorporado nas pérolas de gel de alginato de cálcio (método sequencial) ou incorporado, simultaneamente, durante o estágio de gelificação (método simultâneo). As pérolas foram avaliadas quanto ao tamanho das partículas e morfologia da superfície utilizando microscopia óptica de SEM, respectivamente. As pérolas produzidas pelo método sequencial apresentaram maior capacidade de inclusão. No método sequencial, a inclusão de fármaco foi maior com o aumento de CaCl2 e da concentração do plímero, mas menor com o aumento da concentração de fármaco. No método simultâneo, a inclusão de fármaco foi mais alta quando as concentrações de fármaco e plímero foram aumentadas e, também, atingiram certa extensão com aumento na concentração de CaCl2, cujo aumento posterior resultou em carga menor de fármaco. Estudos de FTIR revelaram que não há interação entre fármaco e CaCl2. Estudos de XRD mostraram que o fármaco mudou do estado cristalino para o amorfo após a formulação. As características de liberação de TMZ das pérolas carregadas com alginato de cálcio foram estudadas em fluidos simulados, gástrico e intestinal, livres de enzima.